Diphtheria: Causes, Symptoms, Prevention, and Treatment

Diphtheria is a highly contagious bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It primarily affects the throat and upper respiratory tract, skin, it can lead to severe complications if left untreated. Although it has become rare in countries with widespread vaccination, outbreaks still occur, especially in areas with low immunization rates. In this article, we will explore the causes, symptoms, prevention, and treatment of diphtheria.

Causes and Transmission
The bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae produces a toxin that leads to the formation of a thick, grayish membrane in the throat and nose. This membrane obstruction can cause breathing problems and can lead to death in severe cases.

Diphtheria is spread through direct contact with an infected person's respiratory droplets, indirect contact with contaminated objects or surfaces, airborne transmission through coughing or sneezing. Also, the following factors increase the transmission risk of the bacteria:
- Lack of vaccination or incomplete immunization
- Crowded living conditions
- Poor hygiene and sanitation
- Close contact with infected individuals

Symptoms
Symptoms of respiratory diphtheria usually appear 2 to 5 days after exposure. Common signs include:
- Sore throat and difficulty swallowing
- Fever and chills
- Swollen glands in the neck (bull neck appearance)
- Hoarseness and difficulty breathing
- Weakness 
In severe cases, the disease can lead to respiratory failure, cardiac arrest, nerve damage, death.

Note that in some cases, diphtheria affects the skin (cutaneous diphtheria), causing ulcers and sores that may become infected.

Prevention
Vaccination has been and will always be the best way to prevent diphtheria. The DTP (Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis) vaccine is part of routine childhood immunization schedules and is highly effective. Hence, ensuring routine infant vaccinations is very important. Routine boosters are also recommended every ten years.

Other preventive measures include:
- Practicing good hygiene (handwashing, covering the mouth when coughing)
- Avoiding contact with infected individuals
- Timely reporting and treatment of suspected cases

For treatment of severe cases, patients may require hospitalization to receive oxygen therapy, cardiac monitoring, and other supportive care.

Diphtheria is a serious, yet largely preventable disease if preventive measures are taken seriously. By understanding the causes, symptoms, prevention, treatment of diphtheria, and reporting suspected cases early, we can help eradicate the disease.

Till I come your way again, practice good hygiene and stay safe.